Essay on George Frideric Handels Water Music - 948 Words

George Frideric Handels Water Music Not only is George Frideric Handels Water Music extraordinarily beautiful, it also helped to establish the orchestral suite as a legitimate art form. Written to be performed outside instead of in a theater, it remains one of the most outstanding compositions in Handels catalogue. Even though it is somewhat overplayed, the Water Music continues to be a very popular work of art. By nature of the venue this great work was to be performed in, Handel had to be very original in orchestration. His strong usage of woodwinds and percussion influenced countless composers such as the wind music of Mozart, Holst, Strauss, Beethoven, Vaughn-Williams, and even Stravinsky. Handels music proved that he†¦show more content†¦George Frideric Handel is generally considered the second most important Baroque composer after Bach. Unlike Bachs nearly complete focus on church music in Germany, Handel more openly embraced the French, Italian, and English secular music. Also unlike Bach, Handel did not come from a long line of musicians. When he was born on February 23, 1685, Handels family had no idea that he would rise to a legendary status in music. Handels father began to see his sons desire to compose at an early age and violently objected. His mother was responsible for nurturing and continuing his musical education. At the age of seven, Handel was asked to give an organ recital for the Duke of Sachse-Weissenfels. The Duke was very impressed and awarded the family with a generous amount of money. This event persuaded his father to allow Handel to pursue his musical career. When his father died in1697, Handel was freed from his fathers will. He studied with numerous organists and gained minor fame. In 1703, he moved to Hamburg. There he met Telemann and began to have many of his works performed. He then traveled to Rome and numerous European capitals until he settled in England in 1714. He remained a world traveler his entire life which was a main contribu ting factor to his originality and probably was responsible for his well-known habit of borrowing musicShow MoreRelatedThe Life and Musical Influence of George Frideric Handel1752 Words   |  7 Pages George Frideric Handel was born musically inclined. As a child he was deprived of musical instruments because his father wanted him to pursue the law profession. However, George was allowed to take music lessons from a local organist, by the name of Friedrich Wilhelm Zachau, after Handel had impressed the Duke when he played the organ at the chapel. In his following years, Handel would travel to many places, accepting many different musical occupations. As Handel traveled, he was introduced toRead MoreEssay on The Life and Musical Influence of George Frideric Handel1850 Words   |  8 PagesGeorge Frideric Handel was born musically inclined. As a child he was deprived of musical instruments because his father wanted him to pursue the law profession. However, George was allowed to take music lessons from a local organist, by the name of Friedrich Wilhelm Zachau, after Handel had impressed the Duke when he played the organ at the chapel. In his following years, Handel would travel to many places, accepting many different musical occupations. As Handel traveled, he was introduced to manyRead MoreThe Life of G.F. Handel Essay1137 Words   |  5 PagesHandel George Frideric Handel was born on February 23rd, 1685 in Halle, Germany. Handel had a passion for music from the time he was capable of understanding it. His father Georg was a highly respected barber/surgeon (Cavendish, vol. 4, pg. 60), which did not believe in music as a career and wanted his son to study law. Georg thought a career in law would offer more prospects and stability (60). Handel’s father was so against having his son play music, he took all ofRead MoreCompare the lives and works of Bach and Handel2025 Words   |  9 Pagespost was as court conductor for the prince of Cà ¶then. His salary was much higher, and he was not required to compose church or organ music. The prince was a Calvinist, and therefore a simple psalm was sufficient for the service. Between 1717 and 1723, he led the princes orchestra, and the Bradenburg Concertos arose from this period. In 1723, he became a director of music at the St. Thomas Church in Leipzig, a job he held until his death. Perhaps the most studied work of Bach was the Well-Tempered ClavierRead MoreExperimental Psychology Proposal1958 Words   |  8 Pagesof Genre of Music on Memory Retention Abstract The existing experiment was conducted to confirm the effects of genre of music on memory retention. With the knowledge that music does have an effect on human mind and body, background information and our previous experience with music gave us this hypothesis. Certain types of music are known to activate the left and right parts of the brain, which maximizes learning and aids in memory retention (Heathman,2011). Responses to music are easy to

In the Black An African American History of Wall Street

History is not expounded on in the Wall Street industry. Brokers are remembered simply on their sales or their big portfolios. The trials of how African American owned firms were founded and the triumphs and accomplishments that were made afterwards was written in an interesting narrative way by the author , Gregory S. Bell in In the Black: A African American History of Wall Street. Bell being the son of one of the first African American black owned member firm in the New York Stock Exchange, he emphasizes on the background stories of the works of the firms and entrepreneurs of the 20th century. In the book he gives references to validate his stories and research. His intent is shown throughout the book to persuade the readers to commemorate and recognize the history of African Americans on Wall Street.Being that Bell was born into the industry he obviously had some insight of the history of the African American pioneers of Wall Street. His research was supported by magazines, newspa pers, personal interviews, personal stories and reference books. During the book he often had the argument of the reasoning that Wall Street was not succesful for African Americans due to the good old boy Caucasian system that was used for keeping African Americans out of the industry. Based on his findings in research and personal stories from his father I can agree with that partially. Sometimes during those times the industry was not doing so well. When the market was doing well the firmsShow MoreRelatedAfrican Americans And Caucasian Americans1400 Words   |  6 PagesThe tensions are still there also because there still continue to be separate standards society sets for African Americans and Caucasian Americans. Would individuals feel the need to set or think about the standards if we did not have black history month? 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The financial support of African Americans by rich whites came to end after the Wall Street Crash. 22. Who is the author of Their Eyes Were Watching God and when was it published? The author of Their Eyes Was Watching God is Zora Neal Hurston and was published in 1973. 23. What was the overall impact of the Harlem Renaissance? The Harlem Renaissance help to how American view African American and theirRead MoreRacial Injustice1340 Words   |  6 PagesTHE CRIES AGAINST RACIAL INJUSTICE Racism is a bad thing, you find it everywhere in the schools, the clubs and also in the streets. Ââ€" Rasmus Casper The belief that one race by nature stands superior to another defines racism. Racism can be traced back to the beginning of civilization and has always existed as a horrible issue in our society. Many attempts and reforms have occurred in hopes of eliminating racism and much progress has been achieved. Yet, even after the emancipationRead MoreNonviolent Protests: An argumentative essay1411 Words   |  6 Pages From the Boston Tea Party of 1773, the Civil Rights Movement and the Pro-Life Movement of the 1960s, to the Tea Party Movement and Occupy Wall Street Movement of current times, â€Å"those struggling against unjust laws have engaged in acts of deliberate, open disobedience to government power to uphold higher principles regarding human rights and social justice† (DeForrest, 1998, p. 653) through nonviolent protests. Perhaps the most well-known of the non-violent protests are those associated with theRead MoreThe Destruction Of The Black Nation1440 Words   |  6 Pagesworking in Tulsa, Oklahoma, they trod upon the grounds of the site of one of the most horrid race riots in America’s history. However, the witnesses of this atrocity would never be able to rid the images that were burned into their minds. 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(dictionary.com) In the 1930s African Americans did not have the right to vote. The policy of segregation meant that blacks had their own churches, schools, football teams, and even their own cemeteries. The Great Depression also took place in the 1930s. The economic crisis of the 1930s, the Great Depression, is one of the most studied periods in American history. Racism was at a high point in the 1930s. The 1930s were a turbulent time for raceRead MorePersonal Statement : My Identity1472 Words   |  6 Pagesmultiple groups in my case, I am a college student, Christian, music, African American male, caring for my future, love spending time with family, I love traveling, and I live in the United States of America. Although there are more, these are groups that relate to me and generally relate to others. Different events shape my identity such as when black were not liked to different organizations where a lot of African Americans are successful and looked at differently in a good way whether that isRead MoreEssay on Langston Hughes1393 Words   |  6 PagesLangston Hughes  Langston Hughes was one of the first black men to express the spirit of blues and jazz into words. An African American Hughes became a well known poet, novelist, journalist, and playwright. Because his father emigrated to Mexico and his mother was often away, Hughes was brought up in Lawrence, Kansas, by his grandmother Mary Langston. Her second husband (Hughess grandfather) was a fierce abolitionist. She helped Hughes to see the cause of social justice. As a

Ethical Challenges in the Retail Industry-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the ethical challenges existing in the retail Industry. Answer: Introduction Making ethical decisions helps the society to ensure that a sense of order and justice prevails in the society. The retailers also have the responsibility to adopt a policy of CSR in order to ensure that business carried on by such retailers do not adversely affect the stakeholders of the retail industry. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) can be defined as the responsibility of the business to adopt a sustainable approach which aims to create economic, environmental and social benefits for all its stakeholders (Schwartz, 2017). Such concept of Corporate social responsibility is often closely associated with corporate ethics, thus as opined by CSR can be defined as a businesss ethical expression. Thus in context of the retail industry it can be said that the retailers also have the corporate social responsibility to comply with such ethical standards that aims to create wellbeing of the workers and their families, sustainable economic development and positively impact the environment. In the video Blood, sweat and Tshirt it is clearly evident that the workers who are employed in the Indian factories are living in adverse health conditions. They are getting low wages. No steps are being taken by the retailers to improve the condition of the workers. The actions of retailers can be analyzed from the perspective of good options. As opined by Ferrell Ferrell (2016), retailing plays a very important role in the economy as it serves the link between the manufacturer and the final consumer. Therefore it can be said that it is of utmost necessity and importance that retailers comply with social standards while conducting business and aim to positively affect the lives of the stakeho lders. Discussion Retailing To understand the ethical obligations of the retailers it is important to have a proper understanding of the term retail and the functions of retailers in the industry. The term retail can be defined as a process of selling which is meant for final consumption and a sale to the ultimate user (Ferrell Ferrell, 2016). Therefore, retailing can be defined to be the interface between the maker and the individual buyer purchasing for individual utilization. This prohibits a direct coordination between the producer and institutional purchasers, for instance, the government and other mass clients. Retailing is the last connection that interfaces the individual client with the assembling and appropriation chain. A retailer is engaged with the demonstration of pitching products to the individual buyer at an edge of benefit (Abreu Rocha, 2015). Concept of Ethics in Retail Industry Ethics can be described to be a stream of philosophy which aims to uphold the values of the actions of individuals and assess such actions as right or wrong, moral or immoral (Bhattacharya et al., 2017). As discussed before the retail industry acts as a direct link between the manufacturer and the final consumers it is the duty of the retailers to act in an ethical manner as their actions affect the lives of all the stakeholders involved. Some of the unethical practices that exist in the industry of retailing affect the stakeholders, which include both the final customers and the employees. Retailers often mislead the consumers by lying to them or concealing the complete truth about the characteristics of the product from them. However, the retailers should charge fair price and disclose all the characteristics of the products sold by them as it would be unethical to mislead customers and charging more from them. It can be said that ethics is very important in the long run of business as businesses must comply with ethical standards if they are to succeed in the future (Pedersen, 2015). The retailers also have ethical responsibilities towards employees. However in the video Blood, Sweat and Tshirt it has been illustrated that the retailers are not fulfilling their ethical responsibilities that they owe to the worker. The retail industry employs a large volume of people therefore proper policies and procedures must be formulated in order to ensure the well-being and welfare. Such policies and procedures must aim to promote fair recruitment, selection, training of employees (Littell Doh, 2015). Negative issues existing in employment relations can adversely affect the reputation of a business to its customers, lead to low staff morale and low productivity (Ferrell Ferrell, 2016). It is evident in the video Blood ,Sweat and T-shirts that the workers and the employees who primarily manufacture the clothing are adversely affected by the harsh and unfavorable working conditions. The workers are highly underpaid and are made to live in acute poverty and adverse living conditions. The retailers of the fashion industry exploit the workers of the developing countries by paying them much lesser wage rate than the minimum wage rates. Thus, retailers fail to ensure the wellbeing and welfare of the employees. Retailers have a duty to comply with Corporate social responsibility. Corporate social responsibility of Retailing Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) can be defined as the responsibility of a business association for the effects of its choices and exercises on society, the planet and its own success. Corporate Social Responsibility can be defined to have the "triple main concern" of individuals, planet, and benefit (Steenkamp, 2017).As opined by Schwartz, (2017), not only do responsible, sustainable and transparent CSR methodologies strengthen the reputation of a brand, they aim to positively affect the community and hence the marketplace of the community. A strong marketable strategy, installed into the business culture, reflecting the values and objectives of the organization through key CSR application, will create a gainful and sustainable future for all. It can be said that there is strong relationship between Corporate Social Responsibility and the retail industry. This relationship has to be perceived to be something more than a mere channel of distribution of goods which are socially responsible. Retail sectors of businesses must perceive CSR as the opportunity to reach out to the mass and form a connection with the interests of the people. With expanding globalization, the clothing business is presently regularly scattered geologically, with assembling, dissemination and retail tasks split over a few distinct areas and nations (Abreu Rocha, 2015). Worldwide retailers endeavor to guarantee their worldwide corporate measures for wellbeing of employees, work, manageability, quality of items are adhered toand kept up all through their store network. Nevertheless, this is yet a day-by-day challenge.Because of globalization that empowered progressive decrease of trade obstructions and made the flow of labor, services and goods more in temperate, the clothing industry is centered mostly in the hands of vast partnerships with boundless supply chains, based on outsourcing According to Ferrell Ferrell (2016), that the textile and the clothing industry are intricately related. The textile industry gives the most input to the clothing industry and forms the vertical linkages. For a garment to be sold, it has to go through a long process from making to designing to reaching the shelf of the retailer (Franco, 2017). Thus, it can be said the clothing and the textile industry are to be treated as a single unit. However, the competition faced in the clothing industry is cut throat and different fashion companies strain themselves in order to acquire a slight higher profit margin. It can be said that in modern times people find a wide variety of choices of apparel at low costs. This cut throat competition has driven the companies to lower the cost. Thus, cutting down costs so drastically has made it even more difficult for the companies of the fashion industry to adopt a CSR policy and follow CSR rules (Salib et al.,2015). The fashion industry and the textile industry are governed by many bilateral contracts between the countries which are involved in the manufacturing process of the garments as well as many international trade agreements. The fashion and textile industry has introduced a wide array of technological advancements. Moreover the technology introduced in the textile industry is comparatively inexpensive than human labor and thus poorer countries of the world who manufacture the garments become more competitive in the apparel world. The modern trend is that clothes which used to be identified by their endurance have been put out fashion. The recent trend is desire for fast fashion. This constant innovation and need to keep up with the modern trends of the market have made the clothing industry over produce clothes, which are wasted once the trend goes out of fashion. It can be mentioned that the textile industry is a driving factor of economic growth in developing countries. The textile industry provides basic jobs which do not require any special skill and knowledge to a large number of people (Abreu Rocha, 2015). This industry especially employs women who have little chance of seeking employment elsewhere. Since language is not much of a barrier in the textile industry many immigrant are also employed in the textile industry. This has been illustrated in the video blood sweat and t-shirt. A large number of unskilled and labor were employed in factories for the purpose of manufacturing clothes for retailing. Due to the aforementioned factors of cut throat competition, low pricing and short life span of the clothes manufactured companies that are engaged in the sector are required to effectively manage their chain of supply. The supply chain management in the clothing industry is an instrumental for the success of the companies that are engaged in the clothing sector. It can be said that the managers of the companies engaged in the clothing and textile industry must therefore choose their suppliers very wisely. They should ensure that their suppliers not only fulfill the task they are assigned but also exhibit responsible behavior and address the social and environmental issues (Takkar, 2015). As opined by Ferrell Ferrell (2016), company cannot claim that adheres to the policies of CSR if its supply chain violates the provisions of CSR. It can be said that to ensure the existence of closer trade relations with the manufacturers, the companies engaged in the clothing industry must lower the number of their suppliers. Having a lower number of suppliers would help companies ensure that transparent bonds exist between the parties involved in the process of manufacturing textiles and ensure improved information sharing between the parties involved in the process of production of garments. It can be said that there are a lot of opportunities for implementation of the CSR principles in the structure of the clothing and textile industry. The environment and the society at large are at stake throughout the entire process of manufacturing and supplying garments. As opined by Abreu (2015), the large multinational companies engaged in the clothing industry have more pressure on them to act in a socially responsible manner than medium and small enterprises. The fashion industry faces the demand for garments which were not made in exploitative conditions by workers who were abused. Consumers of garments do not want to take the guilt for harming people by the process of manufacturing clothes thus they want to be assured that the clothes purchased by them had been manufactured in decent conditions. The main issues of CSR that exist in the clothing industry are working conditions of the laborers, hours of work and the wages paid to the workers. These three factors can be considered to be the social responsibility of the employers to the employers (Cao, 2017). As companies engaged in the clothing industry opt to outsource and the process of manufacturing to other countries, companies need to ensure that they comply with ethical practices not only at the headquarters. Businesses and organizations are required to ensure that that the subcontractors of such businesses are following the CSR standards. Many large corporations have been held responsible for the wrongdoings of their subcontractors. Some of the businesses have been disconnected with the operations of their subcontractors. Some big organizations like Gap Inc. have faced adverse media publicity and customer boycott. As opined by Abreu (2015), companies involved in the clothing industry can chose to develop responsible methods for the day to day operations. Some of the means to ensure that the operations of the companies are conducted in a socially responsible manner would mean providing safe and hygienic working conditions to the employees, reducing environmental damages, maintaining good relations with the stake holders and helping locl communities. The different Views of CSR Narrow View It can be stated that the rules related to the corporate social responsibility of companies is dependent on various factors. How the profits that are earned by the company are to be utilized has to be determined. It can be said according to the narrow view of CSR that the benefits of the that are directly associated with the company or particular aspects for the company are of utmost importance to the company (Vertigans Idowu, 2017). In accordance with the narrow view, the management of the company only considers and analyzes the factors that can be beneficial for the company. Milton Friedman, the American commentator and writer, had introduced the narrow view of CSR. He opined that a business organization has no responsibility other than maximization of profit (Cheng, Ioannou Serafeim, 2014). He further stated that a business has only one responsibility, and that is to fullyutilize its resources while engaging in its activities for the purpose of profit maximization. However such acts of the business organization have be with the binding of the law. All business must engage in free competition and not indulge in fraudulent or deceptive activities. From this perspective of CSR the society is not an important stakeholder. Tai Chuang (2014), argued that only governmental and non-governmental organizations, non-profit organizations have the responsibility of contributing significantly to improve the society argued it. Friedman further stated that the CSR can be threat to the Capitalist system. However, it should not affect the operations of the organizations Broad View According to the Broad view of CSR, it can be said that the power and influence of corporations have increased significantly over the years in the capitalist market. However, it is debatable what ethical obligations do corporations owe to the society and its relevant stakeholders. In accordance with the broad view of CSR it can be stated that Corporations are to be treated as human creations (Steenkamp, 2017). Therefore, in addition to making profits, organizations and corporations also have the responsibility to uphold other CSR principles. The Keith Davis had introduced the Broad view of CSR and according to the broad view it can be stated that decisions of businesses have social consequences and it was held that businessmen cannot make sole economic decision. The Stakeholder model of the Broad view of CSR it can be stated that corporations have responsibilities and obligations to the stakeholders who share both primary and secondary relationships with he concerned business organizations (Schwartz, 2017). One of the other arguments in favor of the broad view of CSR is that business is allowed to exist and operate in a society as they provide necessary services and goods to the society. Thus Businesses are to be judged by a triple bottom line which includes financial, social and environmental services to the society as opposed to the previously judged concept of single bottom line which used to take in to consideration the financial services to the society (Pedersen, 2015).. Thus after discussing both the views it can be stated that the retailers who buy from the Indian markets only comply with the narrow view of CSR. They only focus on profit maximization of the company and neglect the other social and environmental factors. Such retailers are not concerned about the welfare and the wellbeing of workers who are employed in the manufacturing industry. The poor lifestyles, unhealthy and unsafe work environment and very low wages of the workers demonstrate that the retailers do not comply with the broad view of CSR principles. However all organizations have the ethical responsibilities to all the stakeholders involved ad therefore the broad view of CSR is to be adhered to while conducting business. Thus after discussing both the views of CSR it can be said that the retailers have reduced the meaning of CSR to its narrow view. As shown in the video, Blood Sweat and Tshirt, the retailers only focus on profit maximization instead of improving the working conditions of the workers employed in the Indian Factories. Analysis of the operations of companies by the application of ethical theories It can be said that the operations and actions of organizations can be assessed from the perspective of different ethical theories. Utilitarianism According to the theory of Utilitarianism, it can be said that only those actions of individuals are considered to be ethical which produce the maximum benefit for the most number of people (Mill, 2016). The consequences of actions to individuals must create utility for the most number of people. Utility can be defined as the summation of the benefit created for the stakeholders minus the effort required to perform such action. As opined by Barrow (2015), Utilitarianism is one of the main branches of consequentialism theories. Thus in this context it can be said that actions of the retailers are not ethical as they do create benefit for the workers who are involved in the manufacturing process. They are the primary stake holders in the given scenario. The low wages, poor style and poor work environment point out that the retailers to ensure the wellbeing of the workers are doing nothing. The retailers only focus on the profit maximization. Conclusion Thus to conclude it can be said that all business organizations that exist and operate have the responsibility to adopt and uphold CSR policies. CSR or Corporate Social Responsibility of the business organizations is defined as the responsibility of the business organizations to conduct business in an ethical sustainable manner . It is the responsibility of the business organizations to ensure that their operations have positive impacts on the society, environment and the economy. The retail industry acts as a direct link between the manufacturer and the final consumers it is the duty of the retailers to act in an ethical manner as their actions affect the lives of all the stakeholders involved. The Clothing industry is very competitive in nature and it outsources the process of manufacturing the clothes to the developing nations. Therefore it is the responsibility of the industry to implement CSR policies to not only in their headquarters but also in the countries to which the task of manufacturing clothes is outsourced. As evident in the video the retailers who buy goods from the Indian factories are considering the narrow view of CSR as they are only focusing on profit maximization and neglecting the welfare of the workers. However all business organizations must consider the broad view of CSR as it in compliance with the ethical standards. Further, the actions of the retailers can be considered inherently unethical if judged from the Utilitarian perspectiv e Reference List: Schwartz, M. S. (2017).Corporate social responsibility. Routledge. Tai, F. M., Chuang, S. H. (2014). Corporate social responsibility.Ibusiness,6(03), 117. Carroll, A. B. (2015). Corporate social responsibility.Organizational dynamics,44(2), 87-96. Bhattacharya, C. B., Korschun, D., Sen, S., Routledge, H. (2017). Corporate social responsibility.Journal of International Law,26(2). Pedersen, E. R. G. (Ed.). (2015).Corporate social responsibility. Sage. Littell, B., Doh, J. P. (2015). Corporate social responsibility. InThe Routledge Companion to Non-Market Strategy(pp. 121-136). Routledge. Suliman, A. M., Al-Khatib, H. T., Thomas, S. E. (2016). Corporate Social Responsibility.Corporate Social Performance: Reflecting on the Past and Investing in the Future, 15. Salib, J., Sun, D., Wu, J., Wen, X., Huang, C. C. (2015). Corporate Social Responsibility. Steenkamp, J. B. (2017). Corporate Social Responsibility. InGlobal Brand Strategy(pp. 209-238). Palgrave Macmillan, London. Vertigans, S., Idowu, S. O. (2017).Corporate Social Responsibility. Springer International Publishing:. Cheng, B., Ioannou, I., Serafeim, G. (2014). Corporate social responsibility and access to finance.Strategic Management Journal,35(1), 1-23. Takkar, K. (2015). Corporate social responsibility.International Journal of Research in Economics and Social Sciences,5(8), 297-302. Cao, X. (2017). Corporate Social Responsibility. InFair Development in China(pp. 119-134). Springer, Cham. Mill, J. S. (2016). Utilitarianism. InSeven Masterpieces of Philosophy(pp. 337-383). Routledge. Barrow, R. (2015).Utilitarianism: A contemporary statement. Routledge. Abreu, M., Rocha, R. S. (2015). The Brazilian Industrial Restructuring: The Case of Garments and Textile Industry. InSASE. Ferrell, O. C., Ferrell, L. (2016). Ethics and social responsibility in marketing channels and supply chains: An overview.Journal of Marketing Channels,23(1-2), 2-10. Franco, M. A. (2017). Circular economy at the micro level: A dynamic view of incumbents struggles and challenges in the textile industry. Journal of Cleaner Production, 168, 833-845

Restaurant Food Handling & Food Safety

Question: Discuss about theRestaurant Food Handling Food Safety. Answer: Introduction: Food Safety Food safety is a discipline that deals with handling, storage, and preparation of food in a bid to ensure that foodborne illnesses are prevented. Some of the important routines that have been put forth by this discipline include many procedures that are designed to avoid any possible severe health hazards. It is this view that food safety has in many ways overlapped with food defense so as to ensure the safety of consumers. Food safety is one among the many important aspects that are held in high regard not only among food handlers but also in every sphere of life. The safe steps that are used in handling, cooking and storage of food are very critical in ensuring that food is not only kept healthy and tasty but also kept from such infectious agents as a virus, bacteria, and fungi. The Food Act that was enacted in 1984 provides that all the food operators and handlers comply with the safety standards. For those operating a commercial eatery joint, it is important that such details as storage, display, processing, packaging, receipt of food and transport are conspicuously indicated and correctly considered. For every household and eatery joint, it is important that all the steps involved in the preparation of food to ensure their safety. Some of the known campaigns that can guarantee human safety include cooking at the appropriate temperature, washing of hands and the surfaces in a regular manner, separating the foodstuffs to ensure that they do not cross-contaminate. Another common practice that is highly recommended for households is the use of refrigerators. When it comes to cooking, it is important that the cook prepares a raw meat, be it beef, pork, veal steaks, lamb and chops to a minimum internal heat before removing it from the heat. Most importantly, care must be taken to ensure that food is left for about three minutes or so before serving. However, for purposes of personal preferences, one may be compelled to simmer or cook his meal (meat) at considerably high temperatures. While storing food, it is important that the safety and suitability of the foodstuff are taken into consideration. Primarily, food must be kept at suitable temperatures and protected from any form of contamination. Potentially Perilous food must be maintained at correct temperatures, that is, they should be frozen. It is also of great importance for food handlers to observe appropriate behavioral factors when it comes to cooking. They should look into it that they isolate the barriers and their motivations that help in influencing their way of handling food in their establishments. Personal hygiene is also paramount when it comes to ensuring that consumers are safe. It is important that food handlers observe the basics that include identifying the factors that are associated with the safe hand hygiene issues. In conclusion, food handlers must at all times ensure that they do everything in their powers to avoid contaminating food. Most importantly, they should wash their hands in running warm water and then dry them with either an air drier or a paper towel. All food handlers must inform their supervisors in case they have any issues such as diarrhea, sore throats, jaundice or infected skins. References CDC, U. (2016).Restaurant Food Handling Food Safety Practices | EHS-Net | EHS | CDC.Cdc.gov. Retrieved 31 August 2016, from https://www.cdc.gov/nceh/ehs/ehsnet/restaurant_policies_practices.htm USDA, F. (2016).Basics for Handling Food Safely.Fsis.usda.gov. Retrieved 31 August 2016, from https://www.fsis.usda.gov/wps/portal/fsis/topics/food-safety-education/get-answers/food-safety-fact-sheets/safe-food-handling/basics-for-handling-food-safely/ct_index

Physics lab report free essay sample

AIM: Finding the gravitational field strength by using a simple harmonic motion of a spring and slotted masses. INTRODUCTION: When a mass suspended from a spring is displaced, due to the acceleration, kg s-2, from its equilibrium and released it will oscillate up and down with a kind of motion called simple harmonic motion, shm. The period (T), time taken to measure for one complete oscillation, of this motion is: m/kg = mass of the oscillating system k/Nm−1 = force constant of the spring. Hooke’s Law tells that the force acting on the spring is proportional to the extension of the spring; mg=ke Mass is the amount of matter contained in an object and its SI unit is kg. Gravitational field strength, g, is caused masses and the g at the surface of a planet must be the same as the acceleration due to gravity on surface. Therefore; PROCEDURE: First of all locate the clamp on the stand make sure that the clamp is tightened. We will write a custom essay sample on Physics lab report or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Then hang the spring on the clamp. Attach a mass hanger directly to the bottom of the hanging spring and then add a 100 g mass. Start with a 100g mass and measure the extension of spring by ruler then release the spring slowly in order to not to damage the spring. The spring will oscillate due to the acceleration, by using a stopwatch record the time taken for twenty complete oscillations. Then repeat this whole process with time same size of mass, you have to do two trials to narrow the uncertainty. Then add 100 g masses one by one to the mass hanger and record the extension of the spring and the time taken for that size of mass to complete twenty oscillations. You will be given an unknown mass and also record the time taken of that mass to oscillate twenty times. After you gather the data needed, you will sketch a T2 versus extension graph. VARIABLES: Dependent Independent Controlled Period Extension Making sure that spring oscillates vertically only because simple harmonic motion takes place when the acceleration of object is always directed towards its displacement from a fixed point. DIAGRAM: CONCLUSION: Simple harmonic motion is defined as the motion takes place when the acceleration, a, of object is always directed, towards, and proportional to, its point. Overall, the purpose of this experiment was to find the acceleration due to the gravity using a coil spring. The acceleration is equal to g since there is not any external force besides gravity acting on the spring. Differences existed in the experimental graph of the g from the actual g. These differences can be accounted as a random error also I could not press the timer at the exact time but it would not affect the accuracy of the experiment. The percentage error is 11%. The real value of g is measured as 9.8234 ms-2, as it is given on lab report instruction sheet. The experimental value of the g is calculated as 10.96 ms-2  ± 0.35 ms-2uncertainty. EVALUATION: The uncertainty of the extension is  ±0.1 cm this might had an impact on the extension measured however this would not create a significant impact on the value. The  ±1% accuracy of the masses might also had an impact on the calculation since the length of extension is proportional to masses and extension is caused by masses it might cause a calculation error. In the experiment a stopwatch is used to calculate the period of 20 complete oscillations however the reflex of a person pressing the stop button can differ so this creates a random error. The uncertainty is  ± 0,35 ms-2, this means that there are no systematic errors. IMPROVING THE INVESTIGATION: Since the precision and accuracy are related with random and systematic errors, minimizing these errors would make the experiment more accurate and precise. To reduce the random errors or to minimize them, the number of trials can be increased so the observer’s possibility of making a mistake would be minimized. To reduce the systematic errors adequate instruments should be used so misreading would not occur.

My FavouritePaper Sample

My Favorite Book, Essay/Paper Sample Most Influential Book The course of individual life is often shaped by the encounters and experiences that a person undergoes. Indeed, the choices that individuals make are determined by the lessons that they have learnt in their lives. Perhaps most of the lessons that individuals apply are derived from the literary works that that they come across and explore. In my case, Ben Carson’s book â€Å"Think Big: Unleashing Your Potential for Excellence† has had the most influence in my life. The book details the life and experiences of one of the world’s most renowned neurosurgeons, from the time he was considered a dunderhead in elementary school to the time he became one of the brightest medical students and surgeons of his time. This book not only underlines the effectiveness of hard work and determination, but also renews individual faith in God while also cementing the immaterial nature of the humbleness of one’s beginnings in determining his destiny. First, â€Å"Think Big† underlines the efficacy of hard work in safeguarding the achievement of one’s goals and objectives. Indeed, the author attributes the change in his performance in school to the hard work and effort that he put in the class. He details how he went the extra mile and read not only the topics and subjects that were assigned in the classroom but also other subjects that were not even remotely connected or associated with the course he was doing (Clarrissimeaux, 2011). This personal initiative and hard work came in handy in expanding his critical thinking faculties and enhancing his performance even in the course that he took. It is noteworthy that the effort that he put in his study right from elementary school had a bearing on his achievement of his goal of becoming a neurosurgeon later on in life (Clarrissimeaux, 2011). Secondly, the book renewed my faith in God as the author persistently attributes his success to Him. Right from the beginning, the author outlines the prayerful nature of his mother, an attribute that rubbed off on him. On numerous occasions, Ben Carson seeks the guidance and assistance of God in order to surmount the challenges on his path (Lozada, 2015). For instance, as much as he had worked hard, he still attributed his success in education to God. Indeed, the notes that if individuals acknowledge their need for God, He will be quick to assist them. Other examples are provided during more serious scenarios such as when he was performing his first brain surgery, the first one in the hospital where he was working (Lozada, 2015). This renewed my faith in God as it underlines the fact that irrespective of the magnitude of individual accomplishments and wisdom, individuals are still limited and, in fact, will always need God. Lastly, the book underlined the fact that one’s beginnings should not determine his capacity to achieve his dreams. It is acknowledged that the author did not come from an affluent background. Being a black son of a single mother, he details how his family did not always have sufficient resources (Carson Murphey, 1996). His mother’s income was not sufficient to bring up the two boys and provide luxuries in which case they were merely surviving. However, he states that one’s beginnings or looks do not matter and that if individuals recognize their abilities and have the willingness to learn and utilize their knowledge in assisting others, their place in the world is intact (Carson Murphey, 2006). This cements the fact that the quality of life that an individual has is solely determined by his actions and the choices he or she makes. In conclusion, Ben Carson â€Å"Think Big† has been the most influential in my life as it not only underlines the effectiveness of hard work and determination, but also renews individual faith in God while also cementing the immaterial nature of the humbleness of one’s beginnings in determining his destiny. The experiences of the author cement the fact that individuals have control over what happens in their lives, and reiterates the need to always ask God for assistance, while also cementing the value of hard work in achieving one’s objectives in life. References Carson, B., Murphey, C. B. (2006).  Think big: Unleashing your potential for excellence. Grand Rapids, Mich: Zondervan. Clarrissimeaux, A (2011). Never Give Up: Dr. Ben Carson’s only childhood advantage was his mother’s encouragement. Success, Web retrieved from success.com/article/never-give-up Lozada, C (2015). Ben Carson, the humblebragging instrument of God. The Washington Post, Web retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/book-party/wp/2015/11/05/ben-carson-the-humblebragging-instrument-of-god/?utm_term=.ffebc605eb69

Global Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 2

Global Business - Essay Example three countries have been considered from which Elecdyne can choose, along with a comparative analysis of the countries and Japan through a combined SWOT and PEST analysis. Some of the most important factors that Elecdyne should consider are cost minimization and profit maximization with respect to internationalization in a country leading to improvement in profits and sales revenue (Hurn, 2009). The other factors include access to technology and availability of technological expertise in a particular country. Elecdyne also must take into account the access to new markets through internationalization as well as evaluate size of target markets before selecting a country. Besides these, political and economic factors are also very important as Elecdyne should not be taking too many risks. The culture-fit factor, which is one of the most essential factors to be considered, estimates the amount of organizational conflict can arise due to difference in Japanese culture and that of the hos t nation. The target markets for Elecdyne are developed and developing markets, which have considerable demand for quality electronics goods. Since Elecdyne uses original licenses from MNCs, products offered are not too cheap. So, Elecdyne targets the middle and higher income group of people. The current shopping trends with improvement in economy of developing countries and rising demand for Japanese goods, which are known for their high quality standards, is an advantage for growth of Elecdyne in foreign markets. Since most of Elecdyne licenses are taken from MNCs, the technology employed is always high-end. The availability of research graduates in developing countries at lower wages rates than Japan is a major plus point, which will help Elecdyne to improve its technological capabilities. The general economic trends are not very encouraging as the world economy recovers from a recession; but, many governments are giving tax rebates and reducing duties in a bid to attract new

Argument speech Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Argument speech - Essay Example Lets commence with the strongest argument which supports the claim that technology is detrimental to a child’s creativity as outlined above. 1. It is very easy and simple now days to write about an idea unlike in the past where the idea had to be thoughtful. Today, a student or child undertaking a creative writing task will look for an idea, search it online and then read the relevant articles before writing his own. This reduces the thoughtful process (Noddings, 2013). 2. Batten & Russell (1995) stated that the use of technology elements such as spell checkers and grammar checkers has made students to be scared of performing handwritten tasks since these tools are absent to correct or check their mistakes. Thus, students or children who have developed this dependency will be reluctant to use a pen since they will are scared or afraid of failing. Transition: The use of technology should be minimized since it leads to poor development of critical thinking skills and low confidence in handwritten tasks among students and children. Further, there is another significant reason as to how technology reduces creativity among children and students. 2. Playing enables children’s braid brains to develop properly. Lack of play and the use of technology reduce brain development. This limits the ability of a child since poorly developed brains are less efficient when it comes to creativity (Ginsburg, 2007) c. (impact statement) Although technology is vital for enhancing learning and creativity in children or students, its draw backs outweigh its benefits. Children and students need to get first hand engagement through play and interactions with real people or things. First hand interactions stimulate brain development and learning leading to an improvement in creativity. Transition: Children should minimize the use of technology since it tend s to reduce their creativity. Rather, they should interact more with people in addition to playing. Below

Introducing of the New Temporary Coke Assignment

Introducing of the New Temporary Coke - Assignment Example This paper tells that the danger of extinction of polar bears has grabbed the attention of the public worldwide and people resonate with the idea of contributing to saving the species. With its new design with the polar bear on the can the company not only tried spread awareness and raise funds WWF’s polar bear initiative but also tried to use this an emotional strategy to drive sales and increase customer involvement. By this initiative, Coca Cola tried to appeal to the hedonic needs of the consumers. The company expected the consumers to identify themselves with the cause and buy more of these cans. The consequences were not on the expected lines. Consumers confused the new white Coca Cola can with diet coke and this lead to a backlash from the consumers. Consumers were not happy with the move and even protested the change in color by calling it blasphemy. The sales of the product also declined and forced the company to bring back the red cans.   The truly great brands are those which develop a loyal customer base and are able to develop a relationship with the consumer. Consumers identify with brands and products. Loyal customers are satisfied with a brand and buy it continuously over time. Satisfying the customers and establishing a loyal customer base is at the heart of all marketing strategies. Coca Cola is one such brand whose consumers have developed a relationship with its products and it has established a loyal customer base. To consumers a red can means a Coca Cola and a silver can (not red) means a diet coke. Over the years, this has been the distinction that consumers have adopted to identify the 2 different products of the company. Consumers have mainly identified the brand with its traditional Red color. By changing the color of the can the company had completely messed with the brand. This did not go down well with many loyal consumers. Such was the brand identity of Coca Cola that the change of the color was even termed as blasphemy by some consumers. The consumer’s perception of a product depends on the sensation. The immediate response we have to basic stimuli through our sensory receptors are known as sensation. The selecting, organizing and interpreting of these sensations lead to perception about a product. The first sensation of any product that we have is through our eyes. Light and color are the most basic stimuli. By changing the color of the can Coca Cola had changed the first perception that the consumer would have about the product. As soon as a consumer saw a Coca Cola can that was not red, their immediate perception was that it is diet coke. Another factor that leads to this perception is the basic stimuli i.e. color. By changing the color to white, Coca Cola had chosen a color that was very similar to the silver color of their diet coke cans. As the new white can was very similar to the old diet coke can, the change or stimuli was not enough to make the consumers differentiate the two. The c hange or the difference between the two is â€Å"just noticeable difference† wherein it had to be â€Å"just meaningful difference†. Just noticeable difference is the minimum difference between two stimuli and just meaningful difference is the minimum difference needed to influence consumer behavior.

Residency in Australia Residency Laws

Residency in Australia Residency Laws Clemens and commissioner of taxation [2015] AATA 124 (6 March 2015) 1. Issue and decision consider in chosen case: Introduction: The whole case is about backpackers who were foreign nationals each of whom stayed in Australia for more than 183 days in the tax year to 30 June 2013. Maximillian Clemens (the applicant) from Germany, who entered Australia in 3 October 2012 under working holiday visa with Subclass 417. He described himself as a visitor or temporary resident and he was not willing to stay in Australia permanently (austlii.edu.au, 2017). Maximillian Clemens was lived with his parents for about two weeks before moving to the campus of Universitat Koblenz-Landau. After that Mr. Clemens transferred to Johannes Gutenberg Universitat Mainz where he lives, probably, in rental property. Maximillian Clemens dont have any assets in Australia, he stayed in 14 different hostel for some 45 days (from 3 October 2012 to 17 November 2012), which was locating at nearest area of New South Wales and Queensland, after that for period of 92 days applicant shared a bedroom with his friends (7 people) in Sydney (from 18 No vember 2012 to 18 February 2013), during that type of period the applicant worked in casual factory hand for Warringah Plastics Pty Ltd. From 19 February 2013 to 5 April 2013 the applicant was again lived in 12 different hostels which was located through out Australia, and on 6 April 2013 he arrived in Fiji for 8 days for island hopping trip. The applicant again entered in Australia on 14 April 2013. On 2 April 2013, an assessment form was stopped in the interest of the Applicant. On 22 July 2013, the Commissioner exhorted that he had finished a survey of the government form and presumed that the Applicant was not an occupant of Australia for the year finished 30 June 2013. On 26 July 2013 the Commissioner issued a Notice of Assessment evaluating the Applicant on his pay as a non-occupant. On 15 October 2013, Backpackers Buddy in the interest of the Applicant questioned the Notice of Assessment in light of the fact that he was an occupant of Australia for the year finished 30 June 2 013. On 14 February 2014, the Commissioner refused the protest. The Applicant now looks for an audit of that choice. The issues are: 1. The broad issue involved in this process is whether the applicant was a resident of Australia in the year ended 30 June 2013. 2. To get the permanent residency in Australia Clemens has to pass the following test: a. The ordinary concept test: The ordinary concept is the concept when person wants to stay permanently in Australia without any aim. In this whole case Mr. Clemens declared himself as a tourist and he wants journey in Australia on a working holiday visa, he had no any plan to reside Australia permanently. b. The Domicile test: The Domicile test is the test, when the persons parents are permanent resident of Australia and person have his own house where person can live their safely. Mr. Clemens has no any asset in Australia and his parents basically from Germany, so Mr. Clemens can not pass this test for permanent residency. c. The 183 day test: The 183 day test is the test when the person is permanent resident of Australia, when person reside in Australia for 183 days, in this case person reside in Australia for 186 days, therefore he declared himself as a resident of Australia as per 183 day test. d. The superannuation fund: The person is a member of certain superannuation fund. Maximillian Clemens was not a part of any kind of superannuation in Australia. Thats why he can not clear the superannuation test. So, in conclusion person will be a resident, if he or she permanently lived in Australia or have been in country more than half of the financial year, however person dont have any intention to live in Australia permanently. Clemens was a visitor, but he reside Australia more than 183 days. 2. The reasons for support the needs for proposed changes to the residency rules: The fundamental contrast in expense status is that non-inhabitants are not qualified for the tax-exempt edge, so salary is exhausted ideal from the principal dollar. For the 2012-13 year, there is no incremental assessment rate up to $80,000 wage yet a straight-up rate of 32.5%, albeit from that point the rates break even with Australian inhabitant rates. (Assess rates for 2011-12 were 29% up to $37,000, 30% to $80,000, from that point equivalent to occupant rates.) (Alan Lewis 2012). 3. Identify the relevant case with the topic: One of the case which is related to Clemens case is: 11 March 1515 Backpacker not resident of Australia under 183 day test Re Koustrup One of the person Danish origin who has spent total 287 days in Australia, when he came in this country during the financial year of 30 June 2013, which has been founded by Administrative appeals tribunal that he is not a resident of Australia during that financial year. This was one of three comparable cases heard together by the Tribunal. Since the reality designs in the three cases varied tangibly, the Tribunal gave isolate choices. The material standards and the choices for every situation were, be that as it may, the same. The choices were Re Koustrup, Re Jaczenko and Re Clemens. In every case, it was a commissioner, who battled that the applicant is not permanent resident of Australia. This was a result of the tax-exempt limit that applies to an inhabitant of Australia however which does not make a difference on account of an outside occupant. The presence of the tax-exempt edge with regards to an inhabitant offers ascend to a zero rate of expense applying to the main $18,200 of assessable wage. This is to be stood out from a rate of 32.5% which applies to the principal $18,200 of assessable wage, if the citizen is dealt with as an outside inhabitant. In Re Koustrup, the candidate entered Australia under a working occasion visa. She depicted herself as a guest or impermanent participant coming to Australia for the primary reason of having an occasion. She additionally assigned that her planned length of remain in Australia would be eight months. The candidate had no arrangements to live in Australia; she was a guest. While in Australia, the candidate stayed and worked for brief periods in different parts of Australia. After an aggregate remain of 287 days she came back to Denmark. 4. The facts and decision in chosen case: The facts and decisions in Clemens case are; the applicant or Clemens was a resident of Germany and he came to Australia on working holiday visa, he doesnt want to live in Australia permanently and he declared himself as a non resident of Australia. The decision in these case is relating to the question that, whether applicant is a resident of Australia or not: 1. Clemens intentions was not to live in Australia permanently. He just want to raise the fund for traveling through agriculture area. Subsequently, the expectation of the holidaymaker is a main consideration to get an assessable treatment as inhabitant in Australia. 2. The typical place of home (is a piece of the 183 day test) alludes to where the individual ordinarily or usually stays. 3. It is conceivable to have no typical place of house all. This would emerge in conditions where a man is moving about with no settled address which the individual would hold as his or her typical place of staying. This sort of individual is uncommon and has been alluded to as a supposed feathered creature of entry. 4. It is impractical to have at least two common spots of house a similar time. Where there are two contending spots of dwelling place should be evaluated, in view of all the accessible truths, as to which one seems to be regular. 5. It is, be that as it may, feasible for there to be two distinctive regular spots of habitation diverse circumstances. In this way, a man can have a typical place of home one area for a large portion of the assessment year and as a result of changed conditions that same individual can have an alternate common place of home the other portion of the year. 6. The holidaymakers are not part of superannuation fund, so they are not able to claim for superannuation fund. 7. While the Parliamentary goals are not generally important, it is significant that the different capabilities to the 183 day lead were sanctioned by Parliament all together that there might be no risk of regarding as inhabitants people who are absolutely guests: Illustrative Notes on Amendments contained in the Income Tax Assessment Bill 1930 to change the Income Tax Assessment Act 1922-29, page 11. Thus, foreigners or visitors on holidays or working in Australia who are more than 183 days in Australia, would not be permanent residents during their stay under this test, as their intention to stay in their home country and would not have an intention to stay in Australia permanently. PART B 1. Purpose of the bill: The four Bills in this bundle execute the Governments declaration on 27 September 2016 that working occasion creators (WHMs) would be saddled at a rate of 19 for each penny for money from this work up to $37,000, with common duty rates and limits applying from there on. Other components of the reported bundle incorporate expanding the expense on the Departing Australia Superannuation Payment to 95 for each penny, expanding the traveler development charge (PMC) by five dollars and decreasing the application charge for WHM visas by $50. Elements of the reported bundle that are excluded in the Bills and should be actualized through different changes are $10 million financing for Tourism Australia for an adolescent focused on promoting effort, changing visa conditions so that a business with premises in various locales can utilize a WHM for 12 months, with the WHM working up to six months in every area, and changing visa conditions so that the qualification age for a WHM visa is lifted from age 30 to age 35. The primary motivation behind the Working Holiday Makers Reform Bill 2016 is to build the agribusiness and tourism business in Australia (Koehler, 2013). This change helps the working holidaymakers to pay whats coming to them of expense. This change builds the income and the obtaining force of the Working Holiday Makers. The administration disentangle the control for the duty and streamline the visa direction by lessen the visa charges by 50$.This additionally increment the quantity of working holidaymakers every year. The primary motivation behind the changes is as per the following: 1. The Turnbull government needs to expand the quantity of Holidaymaker through the change in the bill. That expands the duty income of the administration from the holidaymakers (Malmberg and Miller, 2013). 2. The working holidaymakers are an extraordinary hotspot for the supply of the works in the horticulture part. The horticulture division produces 90% nourishment that expend in Australia. The farming part is an incredible donor towards the GDP of Australia. In this way, the need in supply of work amid the gathering season can diminish the efficiency in the farming area (Traversa, 2014). 3. The holidaymakers assist tourism industry with growing speedier. It is an incredible wellspring of their income. It likewise expands the income of the lodgings, inns, and eateries (Tricker, 2015). The holidaymakers are likewise work in the eateries and inns as a server or a room benefit at a low work charge than neighborhood residents. It helps the proprietor to expand their benefits. 4. The administration needs to record data about the working holidaymakers and their bosses. They take the data about their pay, work charge, motivating forces and so on. Along these lines, it is feasible for the legislature to decrease the misuse of the working holidaymakers. 2. WHMR bill 2016, in the context of Clemens and Commissioner of taxation As indicated by the WHMR charge 2016, Clemens is alien in Australia with the end goal of salary charge. The duty treatment for her ought to continue as per the accompanying tenets. While, Clemens gains under 37000 the duty rate will be 19%. While, Clemens profit surpasses $37000 yet under $80000 than the duty rate will be 32.5%. Once more, if the profit of Clemens surpass $80000 yet under $180000 the duty rate will be 37%. While the profit of Clemens more noteworthy than $180000 the duty rate will be 45%. As Clemens is not an occupant in Australia, in this manner the assessable salary of Clemens ought to regard as an outside occupant. The Clemens is not qualified for the home exception in the expense treatment (Dowling 2014). Accept that Clemens win $200000 in a budgetary year. Taxable income Tax rate Less than $80000 32.5 per cent Exceeds $80000 but does not over $180000 37 per cent Over $180000 45 per cent References: 1.http://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/sinodisp/au/cases/cth/AATA/2015/124.htmlstem=0synonyms=0query=clemens 2. Alan Lewis Accountant, August 29 2012 http://www.lewistaxation.com.au/tax/general-tax/resident-for-tax-purposes 3. The tax Institute http://www.taxinstitute.com.au/news/backpacker-not-resident-of-australia-under-183-day-test-re-koustrup 4. http://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Bills_Legislation/bd/bd1617a/17bd030 5. http://www.mytaxresidency.com/australia/residency-test-2-the-domicile-test 6. Dowling, G. R. (2014). The curious case of corporate tax avoidance: Is it socially irresponsible?. Journal of Business Ethics, 124(1), 173-184 7. Koehler, M. (2013). An Examination of Foreign Corrupt Practices Act Issues. Richmond Journal  of Global Law Business, 12, 3. 8. Malmberg, C., Miller, A. B. (2013). Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. Am. Crim. L. Rev., 50, 1077

Upper Class Victorian Homes Essay -- Victorian Era

Upper Class Victorian Homes The Victorian era was a time of ornate decorum, and grandiose homes for the upper classes. Wealth was not to be concealed, but displayed in all aspects possible, most importantly in the home. The structure of an upper class home often had at least a few levels. The top and bottom floors, or basement and attic, generally reserved for the servants of the household. Food preparation, and laundry activities were common of the basements, whereas the attic often served as housing for those that tended the household. Beyond these reserved spaces however, the splendor of wealth could be found in every room, on every wall, of every floor. The credo of the time could appropriately be stated as "if you got it, flaunt it," as the upper classes most assuredly did. Expensive floral carpets, lavish furniture, and heavy curtains were accents of almost every upper class home. According to the Bytown Museum, "A lack of clutter was to be considered "in bad taste." Consequently, the parlours and hallways were often littered with any number of pictures, mirrors, tables, ...

Gun Control Proposal Essay

2013 has been embossed by recent incidents such as a Vegas shooting that ended the lives of three people, four gruesome murders in Orange County in California, and many more tragedies. It is estimated that there are 300 million guns in personal hands in the US today, many legally owned and others not (Neyfakh). Every year, close to four million guns find their way into the market (Nicolas and Nelson). This level of gun infiltration is alarming; it means that even the Supreme Court would find it hard to locate or seize these guns. Gun related violence has caused many to review their stances on the issue. In essence, gun violence is at an all-time high in the United States, as referred to by President Obama in the State of the Union Address; therefore, Unites States government should require criminal background checks for all gun sales, including those by private sellers that currently are exempt. Besides being at the top of Obama’s agenda, gun control is also an issue that has received enormous emphasis in the media. In his address, the president sought extensive support for comprehensive background checks to buy guns, an interdiction on high-capacity magazines and assault weapons. According to President Obama, the proposal will diminish the rampant gun violence in the country. This new plan aims to do the following: to seal background check escape routes to keep out guns out of the reach of criminals; to completely ban high-capacity magazines and military assault weapons, as well as other necessary steps to minimize gun violence; to guard schools and other public environments; and to improve access to psychological health services. Statistics reveal that up to forty-five percent of all households in the US have a gun in their possession (ProQuest Staff). This shows that guns are too easy to access and their abundance in the US ought to concern many Americans. Many of those who advocate for gun control measure want a total ban. They would prefer the United States to become more like her neighbor Canada. There are few guns per capita in Canada and all guns have to be registered with the national government. This approach to the ownership of firearms has many adv antages. Most of all, Canada’s rate of firearm homicide is a sixth to that of the US (Nicholas and Nelson). However, it is useless to argue for the application of the Canadian approach in the United States. Circumstances are extremely  different. It is difficult to determine whether, and to what extent, American values and culture can yield to embrace the characteristic benefits derived from Canadian-style gun control. Clearly, Americans should embrace the White House’s resolution to the propagation of gun-related bloodshed in the US. Many voters concur with the president with regards to the proposals, especially on universal background checks and harsher penalties for wrongful gun purchases. The president’s take is synonymous with that of Harry Reid, Senate Majority Leaders, who has a positive rating from the National Rifle Association (NRA). To reiterate his position on the need for gun control measures, the president cited a string of mass shootings, which have happened during his tenure. Those who listened to the State of the Union Address comprised groups of people who had been directly or indirectly affected by gun violence. Though background checks are required in the US., due to the still-increasing rates of gun violence have proven them to be ineffective because of the various loopholes which put these lethal weapons in the hands of criminals and people who suffer from mental disabilities. With the current method, anytime someone buys a gun from a federally licensed gun dealer, the dealer is required to run a check on the buyer by submitting the name to the federal database. That database consists of criminal records and mental health records as provided by federal and state courts and agencies (Feldmann). Convicted felons and those determined by the courts to be dangerously mentally ill are prohibited by federal law from buying firearms. Also, states have added their own categories of who is prohibited from buying a gun. The downside is that there are loopholes in the current federal background check system. Forty percent of all firearms purchased in the United States are sold without background checks because the guns aren’t purchased from a federally licensed firearms dealer (Neyfakh). Any purchases that fall under this category are processed without proper background checks. Despite the objections to this proposal, the rate of gun violence is increasing at such a rapid rate that the American people must prioritize in order to help prevent such tragic and avoidable events such as the Sandy Hook Elementary shooting. They must put into perspective which of the following is more important to defend: the prevention of devastating mass  shootings that have led to the homicide of over 8,583 people in 2012 through the use of extensive background checks, or the possible violation of citizens privacy (Neyfakh). This idea is already accepted by over ninety-two percent of Americans, according to a poll taken by the Huffington Post in January 2013*. If an extensive background check on Adam Lanza’s mother-the owner of the guns he used to commit the shootings of twenty-six children and teachers-the government might have been aware that her son, who has autism, may gain access to her military-grade weapons. Any skeptics must put into consideration that more time than not, public safety is more important than personal privacy in regards to gun violence prevention. In conclusion, universal and extensive background checks may be the single most important gun violence prevention measure that the government could adopt. This plan closes the loopholes which have greatly contributed to the extreme amount of gun violence in the United States. It will prevent criminals and mentally ill people from gaining access to them. Approving this form of background checks is necessary because gun violence is at an all-time high in the United States; therefore, Unites States government should require criminal extensive background checks for all gun sales, including those by private sellers that currently are exempt. Past attempts at preventing this type of violence have been proven to fail due to the various loopholes and the ever-increasing rate of gun-related deaths. It is time for the American people to take action to significantly decrease-and eventually eliminate-gun violence in the United States. Works Cited Edwards-Levy, Ariel. â€Å"Gun Poll: Background Checks Supported By 92% Of Americans.†_The Huffington Post_. TheHuffingtonPost.com, 17 Jan. 2013. Web. 26 Feb. 2013. Feldmann, Linda. â€Å"Key Omission from Obama’s State of the Union Address: Gun Control.† _The Christian Science Monitor_: 15. Jan 26 2011. _The Christian Science Monitor; Los Angeles Times; National Newspapers Core._ Web. 13 Feb. 2013 . Neyfakh, Leon. â€Å"Who Guns Really Kill.† Boston Globe. 20 Jan 2013: K.1. SIRS Issues Researcher. Web. 13 Feb 2013. Nicholas, Peter, and Colleen McCain Nelson. â€Å"Obama Urges Action on Expansive Agenda.† Wall Street Journal. 13 Feb 2013: A.1. SIRS Issues Researcher. Web. 13 Feb 2013. ProQuest Staff. â€Å"Topic Overview: Gun Control.† ProQuest LLC. 2013: n.pag. SIRS Issues Researcher. Web. 13 Feb 2013.

The Crucible Research Paper Example

The Crucible Research Paper Example The Crucible Paper The Crucible Paper Essay Topic: The Crucible In Salem, Massachusetts, in 1692, a fear of witchery grows to the hysteria level.Arthur Miller bases his play entitled The Crucible on these events with John Proctor as the major character.Proctors internal and external conflicts cause him pain and grief throughout the play.During the play, Proctor experiences problems with Abigail, Elizabeth, himself, and the community.Proctors issue with Abigail stems from their affair while Johns problems with his wife, Elizabeth, stem from Johns affair with Abigail and the accusation of Elizabeth being a witch.In addition, John struggles with morals, loyalty, pride, and survival issues that stress him throughout the play.Finally, Proctors conflicts with the community of Salem stem from the issue within himself, with his wife, and with Abigail. In the beginning of the play, Abigail works in the Proctor home.Eventually, Elizabeth finds out about Abigail and Johns adulteress affair they have while Abigail is a Proctor employee.Knowing this, Elizabeth fires Abigail and puts her out on the high road (110).Because she cannot have John and because Elizabeth finds out about the affair, Abigail becomes very angry.Now, Proctor is stuck between his wife and his lover.Their affair starts many problems throughout the play that cause many people grief and pain, including John, Elizabeth, Abigail, and all of Johns friends.These problems with John grow when Abigail tells everyone that Elizabeth practices witchery in order to have her convicted.This conflict of revealing the truth increases the problems throughout the play.Johns issue with Abigail peaks because Elizabeth must hang, according to the court, and John must save her by telling the truth. Johns struggles with Elizabeth stem from the accusation of Elizabeth being witch and because of the affair between Abigail and himself.

How to Find the Molecular Mass of a Compound

How to Find the Molecular Mass of a Compound The molecular mass or molecular weight is the total mass of a compound. It is equal to the sum of the individual atomic masses of each atom in the molecule. Its easy to find the molecular mass of a compound with these steps: Determine the molecular formula of the molecule.Use the periodic table to determine the atomic mass of each element in the molecule.Multiply each elements atomic mass by the number of atoms of that element in the molecule. This number is represented by the subscript next to the element symbol in the molecular formula.Add these values together for each different atom in the molecule. The total will be the molecular mass of the compound. Example of Simple Molecular Mass Calculation For example, to find the molecular mass of NH3, the first step is to look up the atomic masses of nitrogen (N) and hydrogen (H). H 1.00794N 14.0067 Next, multiply the atomic mass of each atom by the number of atoms in the compound. There is one nitrogen atom (no subscript is given for one atom). There are three hydrogen atoms, as indicated by the subscript. molecular mass (1 x 14.0067) (3 x 1.00794)molecular mass 14.0067 3.02382molecular mass 17.0305 Note the calculator will give an answer of 17.03052, but the reported answer contains fewer significant figures because there are six significant digits in the atomic mass values used in the calculation. Example of Complex Molecular Mass Calculation Heres a more complicated example: Find the molecular mass (molecular weight) of Ca3(PO4)2. From the periodic table, the atomic masses of each element are: Ca 40.078P 30.973761O 15.9994 The tricky part is figuring out how many of each atom are present in the compound. There are three calcium atoms, two phosphorus atoms, and eight oxygen atoms. How did you get that? If part of the compound is in parentheses, multiply the subscript immediately following the element symbol by the subscript that closes the parentheses. molecular mass (40.078 x 3) (30.97361 x 2) (15.9994 x 8)molecular mass 120.234 61.94722 127.9952molecular mass 310.17642 (from the calculator)molecular mass 310.18 The final answer uses the correct number of significant figures. In this case, its five digits (from the atomic mass for calcium). Tips for Success Remember, if no subscript is given after an element symbol, it means there is one atom.A subscript applies to the atom symbol it follows. Multiply the subscript by the atoms atomic weight.Report your answer using the correct number of significant figures. This will be the smallest number of significant figures in the atomic mass values. Watch rules for rounding and truncating, which depend on the situation.

Mini Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Mini - Case Study Example This in turn has driven Panera to be a leading firm in restaurant industry and grown in sales and profit pies (as evidenced in figure 1 and 2) Panera has undertaken quite a number of strategies that have spurred it to stay ahead of its competitors. First, it has pursued customer excellence strategies manifested in areas such quality customer service rooted in all its systems and procedures. For instance, the order accuracy, time of delivery and ambience of service have improved the rate of satisfaction. This has boosted the loyalty and brand name of the firm.(comerford and Collaghan,p.14). Second, it has pursued both product and market development strategies. These have been evidenced in diversifying in more regions in order to bring products and services closer to their customers. Sales have increased through the adoption of innovative programs such as improving product features to suit and satisfy quite a variety of customers with various tastes and preferences.(Porter, 13) The firm has also undertaken proper financial management strategies that have ensured no debt. Its liquidity has trended upwards than any of its competitors. It is most efficient evidenced in asset that has translated into more profit. It has a narrower operating margin. The firm can also improve its value by pursuing the following strategic options (Collaghan and comerford,) Diversify into more strategic units so that a wide customer base. The improvement of service will create a better relationship with the community thus improving the profit margin pies of the firm in the end. Increase the budget in social marketing strategies with an aim of making a wider customer community. Today’s customer like sophisticated technologies such as facebook, twitter and yelp. This will involve a substantial financial investment. 1) The economic environment remains the same for seven-year period. For instance, that there will be no

Organizational Effectiveness Amid the Labour Crisis Essay

Organizational Effectiveness Amid the Labour Crisis - Essay Example Professor Peter Cappelli further argued that the problem arises because of the lack of competency to manage the welfare of employees. On the other hand, Blackler and Shimmin (1984) anticipated that the demands for cost savings and improved efficiency will raise many issues of conflict within the organization based on certain events that has been affecting the UK economy. The means to organizational effectiveness were proposed by management theories that were believed to have provided solutions to dilemmas faced by businesses in the past. â€Å"New and theoretical knowledge often becomes part of the repertoire of the science of organisational behaviour, functioning as technologies of regulation which are used to control and discipline employees† (Thompson and McHugh, 2002, p. 297) In addition, these were aimed at discovering the patters to employee behaviour, and the forces that define employee work morale. The scientific management theory concentrated decision making in the ha nds of the employers, while employees were regarded as no more than "manpower—the energy or force required to propel the organizational machine† (Morgan, 1986, p.29). Alternatively, the human relations movement was able to identify other key aspects to employee motivation, and extended the role of the manager. Many changes have occurred since the Industrial Revolution, and while monetary benefits are still the primary objectives in seeking for employment, some tendencies are no longer observed. The assumed patterns of behaviour by employees relevant to their personal and financial interest in the company is hard to prove these days. Current Labour Trends Developing countries are not the only ones to suffer the blows of recession. The United Kingdom, despite favourable performance in the stock market, is also faced with problems associated with the rise in costs of goods and services. The UK per capita income has declined tremendously owing to the trends in the labour ma rket—to include unemployment, underemployment and part-time services. According to the Office for National Statistics (ONS), the unemployment rate increased to 8.1% in 2011, and jobless rate for 16 to 24 year olds totalled to 991,000 in the first quarter (BBC, 2011). Result of the survey by the EEF, a manufacturers’ organization in the UK, showed that the manufacturing sector, which is among the highest provider of jobs, averaged 2.2% in settlements for laid off employees. As a result, the number of people claiming jobseeker’s allowance rose by 19,600 in May, which was twice as expected (Peacock, 2011). The rationale behind the decisions of many companies in the United Kingdom to terminate services of a large portion of their workforce has been defined by economic professionals. The firms are inclined to regulate their internal costs to compensate for the drop in revenues. The government was first to take the move, â€Å"with the vocal support of the bankers wh o caused the recession, by deliberately creating unemployment with public sector cuts†, secretary general of the GMB union, Paul Kenny, said (as cited from Peacock, 2011). Similarly, manufacturers worry about the ever increasing cost of production, and tried to reduce allotment for salaries by retrenchment and insisting overtime on those not removed from the payroll. Others chose to outsource their operations, and resulted in reduced domestic employment. Underemployment is a different issue. Because there is not enough full-time jobs available, underemployed workers were

Marketing principles Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Marketing principles - Assignment Example The benefits that can be achieved if you understand the customer is very important it can also help avoid any pitfalls and other issues. 2. Analyzing the market to check viability. Some basic market research should be carried out before introducing the product so that there are no issues when you launch the product or try to get something done. It is very important that some of the research that has been carried out should be utilized to ensure a successful product launch. The data such as total available market, market growth (historical numbers and projections), market trends, etc. are easily available and can be utilized for the benefit of the organization. 3. Analyzing the Competition that exists in the market 4. Researching and establishing the market distribution channels 5. Defining the Marketing Mix that exists and that the company plans to launch Marketing mix involves product, price, place, and packaging. 6. Analyzing the financials of the company and then deciding the mark eting plan. 7. The last step is to revise the steps that have been taken and then finalize the decision. There is no need to spend much on advertising. They can just print out the flyers and use the posters that can be put up so that people can become aware of the restaurant. At first they do not need any kind of marketing. They can start selling packaged lunches and dinners so that the students can have very easy access to food. This will help the restaurant build a better image as it will be creating an ease for the students. The main function of any organization’s marketing department is to be aware of what the consumer expects from the products of the company and be sure to devise methods that will help deliver the promises that they have made and satisfy the customers. The control and the leading quality of the management is visible from the way that they had anticipated the fact that it’s the ethnic groups that are basically introducing newer trends in the market s. The new product range that they had introduced also showed the keenness that they had in attracting newer customers and the tactics that they used to retain the older existing customers. The introduction of the newer product range and making Mc Donald’s â€Å"an any time walk in restaurant† has totally changed their positioning in the market, since they are catering to much more diverse market than ever before. When we analyze the facets that have influence on the buying behavior that people have are the different psychological aspects of the personality like attitudes, beliefs, values, motivation and perception, these are what play a major role in how much the person will spend and how will he spend it. The following psychological aspects have also been discussed in the hierarchy of needs and as well as the other theories that have been given by different psychologists (SHIMP, 35-36). The restaurant’s management can establish the cafes and revamp the play ar ea and in fact create a better one so that the incoming families who are about to settle in the newly finished houses, that they were bent on remaining the market leaders and not losing their touch in the daily life of general public. This will help the restaurant create a better image for them. Also, through the case study that has been mentioned it was visible that the increase in the turnover had the sole reason that

Victorian Society Essay Example for Free

Victorian Society Essay In the novel Hard Times, Dickens reveals the Victorian Society as apathetic, harsh and depressing. Both the environment and characters are shown to be dark, dull and drab. Dickens uses a variety of techniques to show these. I am going to explore several issues from Dickenss point of view on Victorian Society, including education, marriage, industrialisation, the relationship between the middle class and the working class, and how Dickens uses different methods and techniques to present all these. I will refer to chapters one, two, five, eleven and fifteen while discussing all these different aspects. In chapter 2, Murdering the Innocents, the title immediately tells us that someone is going to react in a certain attitude towards someone else. This is an effective way to start the chapter as it gives a hint to the reader about what will happen in the chapter. Dickens is basically trying to show us as the reader how boring and demanding life was at school in Victorian Society in this chapter. He uses phrases like Girl number twenty unable to define a horse! And Bitzer, your definition of a horse to show how the pupils were being treated by Mr Gradgrind. Mr Gradgrind is described as dictatorial and square which means that he is a tyrannical person and he likes to order people to do things for him because he thinks he has more power than other people. A good example of this is when Mr Gradgrind talks to Sissy Jupe. He asks her for her name and when she replies, he immediately changes her name for her dont call yourself Sissy, call yourself Cecilia. This shows exactly how strict and harsh time was for the pupils. Dickens has chosen the characters very carefully in this novel like the name Mr Gradgrind it basically means he grinds on and on and on about things just like the way he teaches his students. He created this character because he is wanting us to react in a certain emotion and feeling. A good example of this is when Gradgrind talks to Louisa about the marriage proposal, You have been well trained, you are not impulsive, you are not romantic, you are accustomed to view everything from the strong dispassionate ground of reason and calculation. From that ground alone, I know you will view and consider what I am going to communicate. This tells us how Gradgrind brings up Louisa and how hard life is for her. He always tries to fill the pupils with facts waiting to be filled so full of facts and he also tries to take all their imagination and excitement away. When Bitzer explains the definition of a horse quadruped, graminivorous, forty teeth, namely twenty four grinders, four eye teeth and twelve incisive. Here Dickens is trying to show us how the students are being taught and trained by Mr Gradgrind. They are all brought up with facts, facts and facts and they eventually become not impulsive and with no imagination at all. Dickens totally hates the education policy in Victorian Society; he gives a few examples of showing this. In the first paragraph in chapter 1, Dickens shows straight away that life was a misery for the pupils now what I want is Facts. Teach these boys and girls nothing but facts! Facts alone are wanted in life. Plant nothing else and root out everything else. This is the principle of which I bring up my own children and this is the principle on which I bring up these children. This dialogue from Mr Gradgrind automatically shows that he doesnt like anything apart from facts and that he is trying to make all these pupils including his own children to follow his footsteps, Facts alone I wanted in life is what Mr Gradgrind believes and tells his students. Another point Dickens tries to tell us is that the pupils dont have their own freedom and individuality, they are known as different numbers instead of their name, girl number 20! This suggests to us that they are being trained and looked after like animals in a zoo. The setting Dickens has chosen in this chapter is in a very plain and dull classroom described as, plain, bare, monotonous vault of a school room This is not a good place for education as it is dull, ray of sunlight which, darting in at one of the bare windows of the intensely whitewashed room. Dickens uses all these different techniques to express his views on education. Dickens shows us that Mr Gandgrind is a bit selfish, demanding and aggressive. He only looks at one point and believes he is always right and other people are wrong, with a rule and a pair of scales, ready to weigh and measure any parcel of human nature and tell you exactly what it comes to. Dickens has used this phrase to describe Mr Gradgrind, and it is a very effective phrase because it creates an image in our heads of how demanding he is and how obsessed with facts he is. Mr Gradgrind thinks his way of educating is excellent but really, he is destroying all the students precious lives and his own children as well, he keeps them in a small private study room and never allows them to see the real world. An example of this is when Louisa and Tom goes and visits the circus, peeping at the circus. Dickens is trying to suggest that Louisa and Tom are sick of their lives and they really want to visit the outside world. They have no other friends at all apart from each other and they can not communicate with any other people outside their house or class, I am sick of my life, Loo. I hate it altogether and I hate everybody except you! This shows how dull and boring their lives were and how bad they were brought up by Mr Gradgrind. When Mr Gradgrind finds out that they were in the circus, he was very furious because he thought circuses were foolish things and wasnt anything to do with facts, Thomas and you to whom the circle of the science is open; Thomas and you, who may be said to be replete with facts; Thomas and you, who have been trained to mathematical exactness; Thomas and you here! In this degraded position! Yet, he is still talking about facts when he is telling them to go home! Dickens really puts a picture in the readers mind that Mr Gradgrind is totally obsessed with FACTS and he finds nothing else interesting or entertaining. Because of Gradgrinds obsession with facts, this has leaded on a huge effect on Louisa. When Louisa got older and older, she became more dispassionate. Even when a marriage proposal was being made, she act as though she didnt care about it and marriage was a huge commitment. Dickens shows an interesting point on marriage. He suggests to us that life was unfair for people who got married and wished to get divorced because there were strict laws to punish them and he also shows that marriage wasnt about real love in many cases. Dickens shows this by using phrases like, there is a law to punish me when Stephen Blackpool asks for advice about ending a marriage with Mr Bounderby because he is sick of his wife and he can not stand it anymore, I cannot beart nommore! Blackpool tries very hard to get divorced and he even pays his wife a lot of money to keep her away from him, I ha paid her to keep awa fra me but it never worked because she kept coming back and coming back. Dickens is trying to suggest that there is no love at all in their marriage and that Stephen Blackpool is really suffering from marriage. Another reason why Blackpool wants to get divorced is so that he could marry Rachel instead, he wishes to be free, to marry the female whom he speaks Dickens is showing us how much Stephen Blackpool loves Rachel here. After the conversation between Blackpool and Bounderby, Bounderby could not help him because Stephen needed a lot of money on order to get divorced and Bounderby wouldnt lend him the money. This chapter reveals that Mr Bounderby is a very law abiding citizen and that he wont go out of his way to help other people. Another interesting point that Dickens suggests about marriage is when Mr Gradgrind talks to Louisa about the marriage proposal. When she hears the news from Gradgrind, she had no emotion at all, she never said a word and without any visible emotion. This suggests that she doesnt care who she gets married to even to the person she hates the most, a good example of this is when Mr Bounderby kisses Louisa on the cheek (Chp 4) and when he left, she immediately rubbed her cheeks furiously, you may cut the piece out with your penknife and I wouldnt cry!

Computer Crime :: essays research papers

Computer Crime has become a very large issue in our society today; this paper will look at this issue from a sociological perspective. It will analyze the various crimes that make up computer crime and see what changes it has brought about in the world in which we live in. Computer crime first is a very new problem in our society today and it is crimes that are committed from a computer. These include embezzling, breaking into other computers, cyber porn and various other crimes that have a drastic affect on the society and the institutions that each of us hold to keep our global society running. To first understand computer crime one must understand first what crime is. According to Diana Kendall, â€Å"crime is a behavior that violates criminal law and is punishable with fines, jail or other sanctions†(Kendall 1999; 161). Yet since computer technology is so new it has really no laws to govern it. A law is formal norms that are enforced, norms being established rules of behavior. Many of the crimes committed on computers often times go unpunished. As stated by David Pitchford in the London journal Focus when writing on pornography on the Internet, â€Å" the only way illegal pornographers can be caught is through chance leads, tip-offs and telephone tracing† (Focus 1995; p10-12). Many of the crimes that are also committed on computers via the Internet are very new also. New subcultures have formed around the Internet for the possibilities it brings. Computer crime despite the many problems it has brought has also brought some needed social controls to the Inter net and as stated before some laws have been formed to protect many of the institutions that because of computer crime have become targets for criminals. Now that I have briefly explained computer crime, I will go into further depth into explaining computer crime from the different sociological perspective theories. To start with is the integrationist perspective looks at of society as the sum of the interactions of individuals and groups† (Kendall; 17). Many of those that commit computer crimes are hackers or people who hack into computer systems for both fun and for gaining access to information. They have formed their own subcultures and hold many different beliefs about the information that is stored in personal computers. Said best by J. Thomas McEwen in the article Computer Ethics many hackers believe that â€Å"computerized data [is] free and should be accessible to anyone (McEwen 1991; 8-11).